The body is a tool through which to construct the self Essay - 1

The body is a tool through which to construct the self - Essay Example The essay "The body is a tool through which to construct the self" discovers the Body in the context of Fashion. When it comes to analyzing the relationship between the society and a human being, little attention is paid to the role of body. It would not be an exaggeration to point out that humans are creatures that possess a dual nature: in spite of the fact that spiritual constituent of the identity is important, the material one is also essential for developing a correct understanding of a human being. That is why it would be particularly important to shed light on the issue that has largely been overlooked as the former constituent is regarded as an object of bigger interest than the latter. This paper will analyze the relationship between body and society, engaging evidence that is taken from academic literature and group the findings in the following categories: the temporal aspect; body as reflection of culture; body and fashion; the role of body on television; body as a platf orm for new gender. As it has already been noted, the relationship between body and society could be traced to the very emergence of the latter. That is why the analysis of it should start from a careful examination of views on body in the previous times. Thus, it is quite obvious that the categories that influenced the public opinion of the previous ages are quite different from the contemporary ones. So, by examining the cultural and ethical dominants of the past one might reconstruct the role of body in the society.

Computer Program and Level Exam Essay Example for Free

Computer Program and Level Exam Essay Introduction: Goal of the report Goal of the project Preview of methods and results Methods: Steps you took or actions you did Results: Tell what you discovered in a table or a graph Discussion: Significance of what you found out Recommendations Goals achieved or not Questions raised SESSION ABOUT NAVIGATING THE INTERNET IMRD REPORT The goal of this IMRD report is to describe what I have learned in the session about using the Preimavera program. The goal of this project was to learn how to plan a project from its beginning to the end using a computer program. This report will inform the reader of the methods used, results reached and goals achieved. Methods: Level exam The level exam is basically an exam to know how good your computer skills like sending data through the internet. It’s a simple exam but it is necessary. Theoretical method The first three sessions are mainly theoretical sessions. Where you learn how to plan a project manually without the computer program by using node diagrams and other planning methods Practical method The rest of the sessions are practical sessions where the teacher explains how to operate the program and gives you a small project to plan and helps you master it. Final test The last step is the test you take where you plan a whole project and according to the result you get a certificate that you have mastered the preimavera. Results: Results| Methods| I knew that I was qualified for this course| Level exam| I learned how to plan a project without a computer program| Theoretical method| I learned how to operate the program| Practical method| To get a certificate that I mastered the preimavera| Final test| Discussion: The results above show that I have met my goal for learning how to work on Preimavera program, and I found out that anyone could learn how to use this program, and I still have to learn other planning programs like CANDY. I recommend ZODIAC center for learning computer programs.

Sex Addicts Find Each Other Online :: Journalism Essays

Sex Addicts Find Each Other Online To her friends and family, Mary Smith* is a young, hard-working psychology student who never seems to have time for fun. What they don't know is that Mary is a sex addict. Recently, her boyfriend of three months discovered her secret. After they broke up, Mary took her addiction one step further and started experimenting with strangers and bondage, spanking and rape fantasies using the Internet. Mary uses the Internet as her tool to find sex partners. Mary spends most of her time on the Internet exploring erotic Web sites. The Internet changed the way in which she communicates. Late night, she wanders nearby neighborhoods -- dressed sometimes as a dominatrix concealed by her outer coat -- to have sex with men. An honors student, she is terrified of getting caught but can not stop herself. She had her first sexual encounter with a total stranger in the front seat of his car just blocks away from her college campus. She met this man on the Internet through a personal ad directed at college girls. Mary never had sex with strange men before the Internet. Now she spends morning, noon and night surfing adult chat rooms, pornography sites and alternate lifestyle Web sites. â€Å"It all started when a friend called me up one day and told me that she was dating a man that she found off of the Internet.† Smith said. â€Å"Hours later I was hooked.† Smith placed an ad of her own on an erotic Web site. In the ad, she included her picture, physical details and sexual fantasies. She changed her name to protect her identity. â€Å"I got so many responses from guys; it freaked me out at first,† Smith said. â€Å"I went back to the sites minutes later because I couldn’t stop thinking about the idea of having sex with different men.† The convenience of sexually oriented Web sites on the Internet gives the sex addict immediate access to potentially dangerous people. The seeker can become a victim of a sexually related crime. Sexual addiction is defined as any sexually-related, compulsive behavior which interferes with normal living and causes severe stress on family, friends and loved ones and one’s work environment. This behavior is often accompanied by other addictions such as drinking, drugs and eating disorders. The sex addict engages in sex to feel good. They became so consumed with this feeling that they soon avoid their school work and other responsibilities.

Canada: The Best Place to Live In

Constantly rated by the United Nations (UN) as the best country to live in, Canada is said to be the second biggest country in the world and is very rich in natural resources and about quarter of a million chooses to enter Canada as new Permanent Residents (â€Å"Why Canada? †). Canada is also considered to be the best placed to move to if one wants to be a survivor of climate change in the decades ahead. This was the result of a study made by Maplecroft, a British consultancy which specializes in mapping risks.Among the 168 countries mapped in the Climate Change Risk Report of Maplecroft, Canada topped the list with a vulnerability score of 8.81, with 10 being the highest and 1, the lowest (McCarthy). Since Canada is my place of residence, it would be interesting to study why it is constantly rated by UN and other ranking authorities as the best country to live in. Introduction Since the Maple Leaf flag was adopted in 1965, Canada grew rapidly as a natural resource-based econ omy. However, in the 1970s there was major upheaval in Quebec when the separatist movement took on a violent nature, but in 1980 a referendum showed the majority of Quebecois were against indepen ¬dence.The eighties were characterised by constitutional issues. Canada's constitution (the BNA Act) was an act of the British Parliament and, as an independent country; Canada wanted to ‘bring home' the constitution. In 1982, parts of the BNA Act were changed and it became a Canadian act: The Constitution Act. Included in it is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Quebec is the only province that did not sign the new constitution and two subsequent attempts to bring it in, the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, failed.In 1995 another Quebec refer ¬endum on independence took place and the ‘no' side (against independence) won by a very narrow margin. (â€Å"Historical Framework of Canada†) Canada became increasingly linked to the political economy of the U. S through various treaty agreements and trade arrangements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Most of Canada’s trades were with the U. S. While American businesses expanded their investments in the Canadian economy, foreign corporations (mostly U. S. companies) owned most of the nation's petroleum and discouraged Canadian-controlled research and development projects.This resulted in Canada's exclusion from the microchip computer revolution that transformed American technology and industries in those periods. Although some Canadian policy makers soon complained of the growing dependence of the Canadian economy on foreign companies, the pattern persisted and placed Canada in an increasingly precarious position in the world market. When the Middle Eastern oil crisis struck Western countries in the 1970s and 1980s, the Canadian economy was particularly hard hit. Despite heavy dependence on the U. S. for economic development and defense, Canada experie nced unprecedented economic growth and prosperity.Production and consumption rose, as the nation's population not only increased but continued to urbanize, and then suburbanize, in growing numbers. A variety of forces fueled the development of Canadian cities, suburbs, and consumer culture: the baby boom, relatively low rates of unemployment, and an overall rise in the standard of living. Yet, as in earlier eras, the country's prosperity was unequally distributed. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, Canada was also attracting increasing numbers of new immigrants from Europe (especially Italy), Africa, Asia, and the Americas (Stearns).Canada, like most other major economies, faces a challenging economic environment over the next couple of years. A Senior Economist from the State Street Global Advisors wrote that: †The multiple and cascading shocks associated with skyrocketing commodity prices, alarmingly stressed and volatile financial markets (associated in part with a still gr owing â€Å"subprime† credit crisis), and persisting global imbalances are creating a disconcertingly murky outlook that seems to offer few good policy options to central bankers and other economic policymakers.However, the Canadian economy has demonstrated an impressive resilience to economic shocks such as the dramatic appreciation of the Loonie over the last half-decade. This proven resilience keeps us optimistic that although the economy has stumbled, it won't be down for long and indeed may well end up outperforming the other major advanced economies over the medium term. † Developmental IndicatorsThe Human Development Index (HDI) provides a composite measure of three dimensions of human development: living a long and healthy life (measured by life expectancy), being educated (measured by adult literacy and enrolment at the primary, secondary and tertiary level) and having a decent standard of living (measured by purchasing power parity, PPP, income). It basically provides â€Å"a broadened prism for viewing human progress and the complex relationship between income and well-being. † Under the 2007/2008 Human Development Report, the HDI for Canada was 0.961, which gave the country a rank of 4th out of 177 countries. (â€Å"Canada: The Human Development Index – going beyond income†) The State of World Liberty Index is a ranking of countries according to the degree of economic and personal freedoms which their citizens enjoy; each country is given a score between 0 and 100. The Index defines freedom as â€Å"the ability for the individual to live their lives as they choose, as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others to do the same. † In the 2006 State of World Liberty Index, Canada ranked 3rd out of 159 countries (â€Å"The 2006 State of World Liberty Index†).The annual Transparency International (TI) Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), first released in 1995, is the best known of TI’s tool s. It has been widely credited for putting TI and the issue of corruption on the international policy agenda. The CPI ranks more than 150 countries in terms of perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys. Under the 2008, Corruption Perceptions Index, Canada ranked 9th out of 180 countries (â€Å"Corruption Perceptions Index 2008†)The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 10 economic measurements created by the Wall Steet Journal and the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. Its stated objective is to measure the degree of economic freedom in the world's nations. In the 2008 Index of Economic Freedom, Canada ranked 7th out 157 countries (â€Å"The Index of Economic Freedom†) The Press Freedom Index (PFI) is an annual ranking of countries conducted by the Reporters Without Borders Worlwide (RWB), which provides an assessment of press freedom in countries. Out of 169 countries, Canada ranked 18th in terms of Press F reedom Index.Discussion Based on the development indices that were taken into consideration, it would appear that the assessment of Canada’s development has been quite consistent with its image of being one of the highest ranked developed countries in the world today. Although there may be some slight variations in the degrees of Canadian â€Å"freedom† as shown by the State of World Liberty Index and Index of Economic Freedom, it would still be safe to say that the two (2) â€Å"freedom† indices are a fairly accurate assessment of Canada’s degrees of freedom in terms of civil liberties and economic freedom.The Press Freedom Index though shows quite a different story that is worth reconsidering. Why would a highly civilized and democratic country like Canada rank 18th among the countries assessed? Does this mean that the Canadian government may have been curtailing press freedom despite its significantly high performance in terms of providing human develo pment services to its citizens? One would just wonder how a highly evolving human development society like Canada would only rank 18th in terms of the Press Freedom Index.Canada has been consistently ranking one of the highest if not the highest in the Human Development Index and among the development indices earlier cited; it is the HDI that accurately measures human welfare and development in Canada and it goes beyond income as a measure of economic welfare. Furthermore, among the composite indices, the HDI is the most widely recognized in the world as it is being administered by no less than the United Nations itself. ConclusionAfter carefully examining the recent historical trends and development indices outlined above, it is still safe to conclude that Canada is indeed the â€Å"best place to live in. † and that the Human Development Index strongly demonstrates this observation. On top of this, Canada shows a relatively outstanding governance environment as shown by its high score in Corruption Perceptions Index. Furthermore, Canada has a free and unencumbered economy where its citizens can enjoy the fruits of their labor without any fear of political repression.Despite the challenges being posed by the impending global economic crisis, the development fundamentals of Canada are indeed looking healthier and could sustain the economic pressures from a highly globalized environment. Canada is a nation that is very rich in natural resources and with its continued demonstration of world-class human development standards; it can certainly look forward to an enviable development in the future. However, Canada, as a nation must not rest on its development â€Å"laurels† so to speak. It must strive some more for a more equitable distribution of weath.

A Greater Extent Than Males

Why are sexually transmitted diseases more likely to affect females to a greater extent than males? †¢ Sexually transmitted diseases are more likely to affect females to a greater extent than males because they expose a greater surface area of mucous membrane during sexual contact. Why is a woman more likely to get an STD from an infected male than a male is to get it from an infected female? †¢ A woman is more likely to get an STD from an infected male than a male is to get it from an infected female because females expose a greater surface area of mucous membrane during sexual contact than males.Why is a woman less likely to show symptoms of an STD than is a male? †¢ Women are less likely to show symptoms because the infected area is not easily seen and the urethra is less likely to be infected, so there is a less chance of pain. List 5 areas where mucous membranes are found. 1. Urethra 2. Vagina, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes 3. Vulva 4. Rectum 5. Eyes How do bacteria cau se disease? †¢ Bacteria cause disease by producing harmful chemicals, which are toxins of enzymes. These toxins kill or damage body cells.The damage to the body cells causes the symptoms of the disease. How does the structure of bacterial cells differ from that of human cells? †¢ Bacterial cells have a slightly different structure than that of human cells. These structural differences are important because they allow antibiotics to kill bacteria without killing host, or human, cells. Why can antibiotics kill bacteria without killing the host cells? †¢ Bacteria cells are smaller than human cells and have a simpler structure. How do antibiotics kill bacteria? Antibiotics kill bacteria by either preventing bacteria from making cell walls, preventing bacteria from making complete proteins, or damaging the plasma membrane. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? †¢ Bacteria get their resistance from genes that inactivate the antibiotics, pump the antibiotics out of the cell, or allow them to function in spite of antibiotics. Bacteria get these resistance genes through mutation and selection or from other bacteria through plasmids that carry genes for resistance. Which STDs are caused by bacteria? †¢ STDs caused by bacteria include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis.

The Blast in Centralia Essays

The Blast in Centralia Essays The Blast in Centralia Paper The Blast in Centralia Paper Those alternatives included focusing on; the lack f efficient timing in responding to recommendations, the lack of follow through in holding some entity responsible when those recommendations did not get addressed, the lack of setting professional boundaries between the owners of the Centralia Coal Mine No. 5 and government officials, and the lack of accountability on the managerial staff at the coal mine. I will also briefly address Scandals motivation towards the Constitution and bureaucracy. The Centralia Mine No. 5 , South of Centralia, Illinois, opened in 1907. Producing up to 2,000 tons per day this medium- mall mine had about 250 hardworking men to get the job done. According to there hadnt been many deaths compared to other coal mines, but that No. 5 was always dusty and dry. There seemed to be a great deal of non-compliance with the mining laws based on Scandals observations and recommendations. The first alternative that he could have focused on as the mine Inspector was why there was a time lag In response to the recommendations he made. Martin tells us there were a total of thirteen letters based on the reports of Scandal and no evidence that the coal company even responded. This went on for about three years and the coal company was never closed down based on the fact that the recommendations for improvements were never addressed. How could so much time elapse without someone being held responsible for not following the mining laws? Scandal continued his routine Inspections and often found the mine In worse condition than the previous time. With this continuing there was only a matter of time before the something was predestined to happen. Now focusing on the alternative that someone should be held responsible, Manager Brown never offered a plan on how e could assist in getting the mine up to code. He never advocated for his employees nor challenged the horrible working conditions that ultimately led to their demise. Scandal also had the authority to close the mine down if it had persisting violations which It did. He worried about losing his Job If he decided to close the mine which proved to be a selfish move. He did however have to consult with the mining board if he felt as though he needed to close the mine and Robert Weir had already commented that We honestly didnt think the mine was dangerous enough to close. Why did Scandal accept this? He deemed the mine dangerous on all of his inspections but yet it remained open. This brings us to the next alternative Scandal could have focused on which was the professional boundaries not set between the government McCall Ana ten coal milling company Itself surely tense violations Tanat were found by Scandal didnt suddenly appear overnight when he became the inspector. Who was the inspector before and why hadnt they reported this en ormous amount of violations and why hadnt they taken action to rectify the issues? The mining union even wrote a letter to Governor Green begging for help to enforce the inning laws and protect their lives. Governor Green promised during his campaign that he would enforce the mining laws to the letter of the law but when the miners needed him he wasnt there for them. Did the Governor have a personal interest in the mining company? Scandal appointed by Governor Green never lost focus of his job as the mine inspector as so many other inspectors had. Some inspectors would do their reports in the mining office and it was even rumored that at times the inspectors would have drinks with the company owners. This showed in no way a noonday between the government officials and the owners. These inspectors clearly had an agenda and it wasnt to protect the miners. The last alternative Scandal could have focused on was the lack of accountability on the managerial staff at the mine company. I briefly touched on Manager Brown earlier in this paper, but he did not in my opinion look out for the best interest of the miners who worked very hard on a day to day basis. He looked out for the interest of the mining company and couldnt see past the money that was being made for the company by the dedicated miners. Brown responded to some of the requests by saying that some of the miners were older and didnt want to work the extra hours to fix the concerns. This was certainly a lot to ask of the miners, but why couldnt they fix these concerns during there regular work hours? Scandals motivation towards the Constitution should have been to save these workers from what seemed to be a disaster that was coming anytime soon. Unfortunately, Scandal, as a public administrator didnt hold his responsibility to the public because he did not do everything is his power to close down the mine.

Character Adjectives Vocabulary Lessons for ESL

Character Adjectives Vocabulary Lessons for ESL This intermediate level lesson employs a fun questionnaire to focus on developing personal description vocabulary. Students can practice conversation skills while also focusing on improving their command of refined character description. This first phase is then followed by a vocabulary development exercise sheet. Aim: Developing and broadening knowledge of character adjective vocabulary Activity: Questionnaire followed by vocabulary matching activity Level: Intermediate Outline Ask students to describe a family member, write descriptive adjectives on the board.Distribute questionnaire and ask students to pair up and ask each other questions contained in survey.Have students report back to the class on what they have learned about their partners best friend.Divide students up into small groups and ask them to complete the adjective worksheet.Check worksheet as a class.Ask students to provide the opposite of each adjective listed on the worksheet - this activity can be done as a class or in small groups.Provide the gap fill as a review exercise for vocabulary learned in this lesson.As a follow-up exercise, have students write a description of one of their family members, friends or relatives with special emphasis on using the adjectives discussed during the lesson. What Kind of Best Friend Do You Have? Exercise 1: Ask your partners the following question about his/her best friend. Make sure to listen carefully to what your partner has to say. Is your friend usually in a good mood?Is it important for your friend to be successful in whatever he/she does?Does your friend notice your feelings?Does your friend often give presents, or pay for lunch or a coffee?Does your friend work hard?Does your friend become angry or annoyed if he/she has to wait for something or someone?Can you trust your friend with a secret?Does your friend listen well when you are speaking?Does your friend keep his/her feelings to him/herself?Is your friend usually not worried by things, no matter what happens?Does your friend think the future will be good?Does your friend often change their opinion about things?Does your friend often postpone things he/she has to do?Is your friend happy one moment and then sad the next?Does your friend like to be with people? Exercise 2: Which of these adjectives describes the quality asked about in each of the survey questions? generouseasygoingambitiouscheerfulhardworkingtrustworthyimpatientoptimisticsensitivemoodysociableindecisivereservedlazyattentive Exercise 3: Use one of the 15 character adjectives to fill in the blanks. Pay special attention to the context for clues. Hes the type of person whos always whistling at work. He rarely gets angry or depressed, so Id say hes a rather ______________ person.Shes a bit difficult to understand. One day shes happy, the next shes depressed. You could say shes a ____________ person.Peter sees the good in everybody and everything. Hes a very _______________ coworker.Hes always in a rush and worried hes going to miss something. Its hard to work with him because hes really ______________.Jennifer makes sure all the Is are dotted and Ts are crossed. Shes very _____________ to detail.You can believe anything she says and rely on her to do anything. In fact, shes probably the most ____________ person I know.Dont count on any work getting done with him around. Hes just a ___________ slob!Id say she cant be disturbed by anything, and shes happy to do whatever youd like. Shes very ________________.Be careful about what you say to Jack. Hes so ______________ that he might start to cry if you made  a joke about his str ange looking shirt.   I swear shed give the shirt off her back to someone if she needed it. To say she is _____________ is an understatement! Answers cheerful / easygoingmoody / sensitiveoptimisticimpatient / ambitiousattentive / trustworthytrustworthylazyeasygoing / cheerfulsensitive / moodygenerous

Why Patient Satisfaction is Now Crucial For Hospitals

Why Patient Satisfaction is Now Crucial For Hospitals One of the unexpected effects of the Affordable Care Act has been increased pressure on doctors and medical staff to improve patient engagement. As payment options shift and care networks broaden, patients find themselves empowered to demand not  Ã¢â‚¬Å"just† the best medical care, but also a compassionate bedside manner, as well. Shefali Luthra over at MedPageToday notes that medical centers nationwide are prioritizing doctor-patient interactions and emphasizing compassion as well as a search for diagnosis. â€Å"Under a 2010 health law, Medicare payments to hospitals can be affected by patient satisfaction surveys,† according to Luthra. In addition, the care cost burden on patients leads them to depend more on preference than on limited options.The research of Tim Vogus, associate professor of management at Vanderbilt University, found that medical institutions encouraging physician responsiveness now  require  doctors  to take empathy training courses, capture personal details about patients in their charts, and practice small follow-up gestures like a handwritten note or phone call- all which improve patient experience.A key piece of this innovative practice is of course being open to receiving feedback- if patients never have a chance to evaluate a physician or her practice, how will they know what to improve? The University of Rochester Medical Center sends out a monthly feedback newsletter and provides doctor-to-doctor peer coaching, which gives doctors a chance to turn appointment discussions into a conversation instead of a by-the-book exchange.Patients who feel that their doctors are sincerely invested are more likely to take medication, adhere to recommendations, and schedule follow-up appointments and procedures. And the more active listening an attentive physician practices can lead, the  more accurate diagnoses and responsive treatments occur. The entire staff and its patients improve when doctors take the time to listen and respond appropriately- the future of medicine might depend on it.Hospitals Push Docs to Improve Their Bedside MannersRead More at Medical Page Today

Socrates and Euthyphro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Socrates and Euthyphro - Essay Example When asked by Socrates what holiness is, Euthyphro answers, â€Å"†¦ the holy is what I am doing now, persecuting murder and temple theft and everything of the sort, whether father or mother or anyone else is guilty of it† (pg.4, 8). The main mistake in this definition of holiness is that it the definition is shallow and does not include all what is referred to as holiness; this is because there are many holy deeds that do not involve persecuting religious offenders. Socrates recognized this mistake and challenged Euthyphro to give a better and a broader definition of holiness. Secondly, having realized the logical inconsistency of his first definition of holiness, Euthyphro attempted his second definition of holiness and he defined holiness as what is approved by the gods; Euthyphro says â€Å"Then what is dear to the gods is holy, and what is not dear to them is unholy† (pg.6, 5). The main weakness in this argument is that it assumes that gods agree on all things and that they do not disagree on anything. Socrates noticed this logical mistake and asked Euthyphro on whether or not gods do not disagree at all. Euthphro agreed that gods disagree and actually even quarrel amongst themselves. Socrates, therefore, challenged Euthyphro to come up with a better definition of holiness. In an attempt to give a better definition of holiness, Euthyphro defined holiness as what is loved by all the gods, Euthphro defines holiness thus, â€Å"†¦the holy is what all the gods love, and that the opposite, what all the gods hate is unholy† (pg.10. 3). The main logical mistake in this argument is that it does not explain the true nature of holiness, i.e. the definition does not explain what makes something holy. Socrates noticed this inconsistency and challenged Euthyphro to explain to him whether something is holy because it is approved by the gods, or it is because something is holy

Anti-colonial Nationalism in British India Essay

Anti-colonial Nationalism in British India - Essay Example Gandhi became famous in the world for fighting for independence in India from the British colonialists in the early 20th century. The emergence of the communal consciousness between the Muslims and the Hindus was as a result of the British colonial rule, particularly the colonial legislation and administrative division of Indians into religious classes. During the colonial period, communalism and separatism were restricted only to certain regions and groups. Politics of the Indian National Congress, anti colonial nationalists’ parties, the Muslim League and the British legislation brought about the thought that the interests of the Muslim community were different from those of the Hindu community in India (Khan 234). The anti colonial struggle in India took place in three different stages, which is the proto-nationalism stage as the first stage, the rise of new leadership as the second stage and finally mass movement as the third stage. Proto-nationalism is the earliest period of anti-colonial struggle in British India. The local people did not have any knowledge about their rights and their independence during this era. The local people accepted the colonial rule of the British during this period. However, political movements and social groups demanded reforms within the British colonial rule system. When the National Congress of India was established in 1885, it was not anti British colonial rule because it believed that the British colonialists had some sense of justice and fair play in their ruling (Guha 102). The rise of new leadership in India was regarded as the second stage of anti colonial struggle. New patriotic and dedicated leaders in India took control of the movements. During this stage, leaders such as Gokhale, Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and Maulana Azad emerged (Guha 78). The third and final stage of anti colonial struggle in British India was mass movements. These national movements dominated in India in that the British colonialists were forced to use brutal force in order to maintain their power. The movements took their information to the locals in remote areas of India under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. This final stage started with civil disobedience movements whose main aim was to sensitive the locals to disobey some of the rules of the British colonialists that were unjust. The British colonialists in turn arrested the leaders of the movements sending them to jail (Guha 34). With the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, peaceful non-violent struggles were adopted as a method of anti colonial struggle. National Congress of India was established in 1885 as a platform for the educated Indians to express their aspirations and was generally received by the British. The Congress later became anti British. Among the leaders of the Congress included Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendra Nath Banerjee who sought for reforms that would allow some Indians to participate in the Legislativ e Councils but after approximately two decades, it became anti British. The main objective of the Congress was the defeat of the British raj. In India, the freedom movement was split into two factions, that is, a less militant faction and a more militant faction. The less militant faction was represented by Gokhale and later by Mahatma Gandhi whose main

Identify each terms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identify each terms - Assignment Example There are some people who think that men are greater than women, thus the notion of feminism. Raising to the bottom is a socio-economic idiom used to describe an association between countries, countries, region or countries that is an result of aspects such as free trade globalization, economic deregulation or even neo-liberalism The bracero program was a sequence of laws and political contracts, this program was started by in 1942 by an exchange of political remarks between the United States and Mexico. This was done with the intention of the introduction of momentary contract manual workers from Mexico to the United States. This implies to a policy that was followed by several European nations, this policy entails the expansion of their power and influence via the use of force and mediation. For example, the UK expanded its power in much of Africa in countries such as Kenya and Uganda. A cash crop is any crop that is grown for the purpose of making returns in profit. Cash crop is a word that is exclusively used to refer to the agricultural production of crops. This does not include the production of crops for domestic use. This was a German philosopher and as well as a revolutionary communist. The work of Karl Marx influenced a lot of communist regimes I the 20th century. Marx shifted away from philosophy to politics and economics when he was around 25yrs. This is a term in linguistics that refers to a constant but natural language than originates from a pidgin. The vocabularies of this language are adapted from the natural language especially that of the original

International Business Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Master - Essay Example The manufacturers can alert customs about unauthorized products entering the United States, and customs will act to prevent this. However, not all people feel that these products should be excluded from the market. The idea the United States grew up around is the free market economy, and many argue that these actions are just another offshoot of this. Many people who purchase these unlicensed imports view manufactures in a hypocritical light, saying that manufactures sell off excess items in gray markets to bring up cash flows. One industry that felt this gray market bind is Apple Computes, Inc. Apple has spent quite a bit of time and money in an effort to bring up the value of the Mac and further improve the reputation of the computer and the company. Apple Computers has spent much of its time and effort focusing on providing excellent customer service and instruction in order to help people who purchase their computers better use the computers. However, gray marketers are not concerned at all with customer service quality, and this is where Apple Computers, Inc is running into problems. Customers can purchase Macs from these gray markets and then complain about the customer service presented after the computer has been purchased.

Functions of modern management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Functions of modern management - Article Example Hence, it could be noted that leaders are never born. Instead, they are made. The skills and the attitudes towards work that the present leaders of the current human society have is what make them prominent enough to be known by others through their leadership capabilities. Naturally, a leader then is expected to address to the outmost important needs of the people that he governs upon. Political as it may seem, as a leader is someone people would look up to, he has to have the capability of understanding and providing what other people need. Yes, through the picture of leadership outlined herein, it could be concluded that becoming a real leader requires effort and enough determination not only to succeed as an individual but also to succeed as a part of a growing and developing society. In the field of business, leadership is an essential part of business continuum. Once the owner, the acting leader, the appointed president of the business organization has the right attitude of a person who could govern over others, then the existence of a particular business organization could be prolonged. ... The main problem that would be addressed in this study is the "effectiveness of leadership approaches towards the different types of business organizations present within the society today". By addressing to this issue, this study is expected to come up with a refined result of study that would be guiding the present leaders towards a more productive process of organizing their business constituents. 1.2 Purpose of the Study The primary reason for the commencement of this study is to: Overcome the different issues that relate leadership with the current demands of organizations from several business leaders. Discover what part of business leadership needs improvement for the sake of organizational progress. Refine the current understanding of the essence of fine leadership towards business organizations. 1.3 Significance of the Study As mentioned earlier, leadership is one of the primary factors that determine the success of present business organizations. Through this study, the people who are directly affected and are involved within the progressive procedures that are suggested herein could actually relate to the study as it does apply to their own field of career. 1.4 Research Questions To specifically address the issues involved in the topic being discussed, the following questions shall be considered within the text that follows: 1. Who are managers and what are their major roles in business organizations' 2. How are managers supposed to face the challenge of creating policies for the people of their organization' 3. How should ethical practices of manager affect the activity of managers that is related to policy making' These questions shall be utilized by the author of this paper as a primary guideline for the structure of the

International Business Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Master - Essay Example The manufacturers can alert customs about unauthorized products entering the United States, and customs will act to prevent this. However, not all people feel that these products should be excluded from the market. The idea the United States grew up around is the free market economy, and many argue that these actions are just another offshoot of this. Many people who purchase these unlicensed imports view manufactures in a hypocritical light, saying that manufactures sell off excess items in gray markets to bring up cash flows. One industry that felt this gray market bind is Apple Computes, Inc. Apple has spent quite a bit of time and money in an effort to bring up the value of the Mac and further improve the reputation of the computer and the company. Apple Computers has spent much of its time and effort focusing on providing excellent customer service and instruction in order to help people who purchase their computers better use the computers. However, gray marketers are not concerned at all with customer service quality, and this is where Apple Computers, Inc is running into problems. Customers can purchase Macs from these gray markets and then complain about the customer service presented after the computer has been purchased.

Culture, Technology & Ware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture, Technology & Ware - Essay Example This war led to a division in America. Political and ideological thinking of Americans were also defined by this war. According to Bourque (2010), â€Å"for political and ideological reasons, many today  do  identify all who  willingly engage in sympathy for the Confederate cause,  such as supporting the flying of the Confederate flag, to be engaged in an insult to the United States, an insult to African-Americans, an insult to the human race, an insult to civilized values, close to seditious activity, and close to hate crimes activity.† How people view and think today, can be said to have been rooted to their history. There are many benefits and consequences of wars. One of the most significant effects of wars is its influence to economic institutions and trade patterns (Goldstein, n.d.). War also influenced technological developments. But the despite these influences, chronic wars has drained wealth, disrupted markets and depressed economic growths as well as multiple deaths(Goldstein, n.d.). Across time, changes in the art of war and weaponry occur. Technological advancement often follows necessity in military. According to Professor Goldstein (n.d.), â€Å"governments can coordinate research and development to produce technologies for war that also sometimes find civilian uses (such as radar in World War II).† Developments in communications technology, surveillance, and target acquisitions systems help improve the means of command and control of the military (Anand, n.d). As of right now, we have new advances in biotechnology and nano-technology which have great impact on human health. The conduct in warfare is changing over time. These advances in technology changed the processes in our military and the efficiency of doing their responsibilities. Future warfare may utilize advanced technology and weaponry. Because of these developments, it is just very easy to start a war between one place and

Problem Solving and Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving and Decision Making Essay Background I work for a company called npower and we are an energy supplier in the UK. Specifically, I work within the Blended Services department and we deal with various types of inbound contact from our customers such as email, letters and telephone calls. I manage a team of 15 people advisors and their role is to effectively deal with customer enquiries that come in via the different methods of contact. Due to the large volumes of correspondence that we have come in, it’s not always practical to respond to customers via a written response and we therefore ask the advisors to call as many customers as possible and resolve their enquiries by phone, this allows the advisors not only deal with the customer’s original enquiry but to also answer any subsequent questions that may arise when they are presented with the answer we give them. Description of the problem When advisors call a customer there are regulations around data protection and also keeping customer contact details up to date that we must adhere to, we refer to these regulations as compliance. This is a very black and white subject, we must be compliant in all we do 100% of the time. The problem that has come to light that in our department, is that our advisors are not 100% compliant 100% of the time. They will fully cover data protection and request up to date contact information on some calls but not others. This presents a problem for the department and me as a manager as well as the advisors in question as these inconsistencies can lead to varying degrees of disciplinary action for the advisors and the company. The impact of this for the advisors is that it can lead to disciplinary action such as informal warnings, up to more formal action such as written warnings and even loss of their job. In extreme cases offending advisors can even face personal fines. As a manager, I then have to consider the potential knock on effects of such action which can include loss of advisor confidence, a reduction in staff morale, and opportunity for progression may be reduced or taken away and all of these in turn may affect an advisors attendance. For me as a manager the concerns are that these actions could affect my time as I am required to carry out investigations in to each case of non-compliance. This is turn could leave other members of my team to feel neglected as my time becomes consumed with investigations and carrying out disciplinary action. Potentially, this could lead to a general loss of morale within my team as a whole and go on to impact their performance. This issue also affects our customers as if we are seen to be breaking such important regulations as data protection, and then this could cause an increase in complaints, damage our customer’s confidence in us as a company, lead to a decrease in customer loyalty and ultimately the loss of their business. From a company point of view the impacts are possibly the greatest. Just a few potential knock on effects from non-compliance are loss of customers, brand damage, legal consequences including large fines and potentially losing out license to trade. Disciplinary action can lead to loss of staff and this brings further impacts such as the time and cost of recruiting and training new staff and all of these could eventually impact our ability to provide a desired service to our customers. Analysis of the problem In trying to identify options to solve the problem of advisors inconsistently adhering to compliance regulations, I first looked at gathering as much information as I could in to how much it was affecting my department and if there were any contributing factors to the problem. I liaised with our quality analysts. The QA team had recently marked a sample of the calls we make within the department and informed me that in the month of September they sampled four calls from each team within the department. This was made up of one inbound call (calls where the customer calls npower) and one outbound call (calls where we call the customer) for two advisors on each team. There are 18 teams so this is 36 advisors that were sampled and scored. The results showed that of the advisors monitored only 69% were fully compliant. This is cause for concern then as the target is 100%. Following on from this, I needed to do further investigation. My time, however, is very valuable and for me to take on such an investigation alone is not feasible. I discussed the problem with my manager and we came up with an idea to help us follow up the results from the QA Teams quality checks. Within our own operations group (5 Teams) we asked each manager to mark two calls for each of their advisor focussing solely on whether or not the advisors were following compliance regulations that we must adhere to. In the first week of October, each manager carried out the quality checks for their teams. The results showed that we were 50% compliant as an operations group. Following these results each manager went out to the advisors that were not following the compliance regulations and gave them a training session as well as an informal warning that this kind of action was not acceptable and that compliance must be adhered to at all times. The managers including myself then left the advisors for a couple of weeks and then went back and completed the same quality checks once more. The second time around we noticed an improvement as we scored 70%. However, we were and still are a long way short of our ultimate goal. Following on from this, I devised what I saw to be a simple yet effective questionnaire that would be completed by a sample group of advisors. The purpose of the questionnaire was to establish possible reasons why the advisors failed to be consistent in regards to meeting compliance when speaking to customers on the telephone. I looked to address such matters as how confident they were that they were personally 100% complaint 100% of the time, were they aware of the tools that npower provide to assist them in being complaint, what barriers they have encountered that make it difficult to be compliant and what do they feel would ensure that they were 100% compliant 100% of the time going forward. The results of the questionnaire showed that the advisors knew what was required of them to be compliant and that they recognised the implications of not being compliant. It also showed that all of the advisors were aware of the various support tools that npower provides them to help with compliance though not all of them used them. This suggests then that the problem of being inconsistent in regards to compliance may be down to advisor attitude or focus but at this point I wanted to avoid making assumptions. With all of this information, I used a simple fishbone to drill down for possible reasons for these inconsistencies. I looked at the following headings and then added the possible reasons: Confidence (lack of) * Inconsistent message * Unclear on what’s expected * Cannot deal with conflict (from customers) * DPA doesn’t feel natural (in call structure) * Situations outside of the norm (3rd party calling on behalf of the customer) Knowledge (lack of) * No or little training (new to business) * Lack of communication (not advised of possible changes) * Inconsistent message (unsure what is correct) Skill * Unsure how to resolve conflict * Not certain how to incorporate data protection in to their call structure * Not able to control a call (allows a customer to drive a conversation, potentially skipping past vital areas for not wanting to interrupt) Attitude/Behaviour * Doesn’t understand potential consequences * Doesn’t like change * Refuses to comply After considering all of the above the potential solutions to my problem could be creating a guide that points out to advisors what they must do to be fully compliant but that isn’t rigid in its delivery so that the advisors can make it their own. Ensuring that the guide and its use is trained out in a clear manner that makes sure there are no questions unanswered. Providing the advisors with additional training to enable them to capably and confidently deal with situations of conflict i.e. if a customer refuses to go through data protection. Finally, making sure that the consequences of non-compliance for both advisors and the company are clearly communicated. Resolution of the problem I went to manager with my findings and stated what I wanted to achieve. I needed the goal to realistic and to be measurable. Remembering that QA Team reported the department to be 69% compliant for the month of September my goal statement was this: * To decrease the compliance fail rate in our department by 15% during the month of November based upon 36 evaluations. In making this statement, I ensured that if would be a fair reflection since it would match the original investigation completed by the QA Team. It’s SMART, because I have a specific goal that can be measured against previous findings. It’s both achievable and realistic as all managers will make numerous quality checks throughout the month and I’m trying to achieve the ultimate goal of 100% compliance but instead make a small but reasonable step towards it and finally, it’s time bound as all steps will be put in place and measured throughout November. Once the goal had been set, my manager and I held a brain storming session to look at possible options to resolve the problem. Further to those I mentioned earlier, we came up with these additional ideas: * Speech Analytics * Scripts for data protection * A specific inbound call team * A specific outbound call team * Feedback, coaching and evaluations * An inbound and outbound call decision making tree * Brief to include what’s expected and what the consequences are for non-compliance * Compliance champs * Compliance tick sheet After we had come up with these various options I went away and decided which would be the best course of action. To help me decide I used a simple Pro’s and Con’s method. I put each of the above options in to a table and then listed what the advantages and disadvantages were. Below, I have just briefly outlined some of the key points for each one. Speech analytics Pros * It saves time (it’s all automated, listening to and identifying key words and phrases in conversations) so managers don’t have to do manual checks. * A large sample is gathered (it pulls data from all recorded calls) therefore the reflection is very accurate. * Reports can easily be pulled, since all data is compiled and exported in excel spread sheet format. Cons * It’s not an immediate solution. Speech analytics for npower is in early testing stages and it’s unlikely to be available for at least another year. * Cost – It’s very expensive to implement and so even to run in a small test environment is currently unlikely. Scripts for data protection Pros * It would clearly set out what needs to be said (no grey area) * Advisors would have something to reference at all times * Can easily be updated when changes occur * Managers could easily cover this in a coaching session Cons * Advisors may not feel it comes across as natural * Advisors may forget to keep it on their desk each day * It would need to be updated with each new change (potentially old ones could be in circulation) * Repeat contact customers would have to go through the exact same process each time and may feel it comes across as robotic Specific inbound/outbound call teams Pros * Advisors would deal with only one call type (one set of compliance regulations, more specialised, less chance of failure) * Becoming specialised may increase confidence Cons * It may not be feasible to have a enough specialised teams to deal with the workload * We would lose multi-skilled advisors, impacting our ability to deal with other work volumes * Specialised teams leave us vulnerable to outside influences such as absence. Compliance Champs Pros * Position of responsibility for trusted advisors * Someone on hand to reference in uncertain situations Cons * Those not chosen may feel disappointed * The cost of taking advisors away from completing work may not be feasible in such a busy time * Having to wait for a ‘Champ’ may impact customer wait times and thus service * Takes ownership and responsibility away from the advisors Compliance Checklist Pros * Advisors already use something similar, so it would be familiar * Advisors could clearly track what they have and haven’t asked * Peace of mind as it states clearly what they must ask * Natural, as it states what they must ask but doesn’t tell them how to do it * Cheap and easy to implement * Easy to amend when changes occur * Advisors can easily keep it with them either paper based or electronically * Puts the responsibility on the advisor * Best use can be coached around Cons * Must be altered with each change (old ones could be left in circulation) * Puts the responsibility on the advisors (must be trusted to use it) After evaluating the options and the pros and cons to each. I decided to go with a compliance checklist. Once I had decided on what I believed to be the best solution I asked myself two important questions, in various decision making models these are also known as Acid Tests 12. Acid Test 1 – If I implement all of my plans for action will my problems be overcome? In considering the answer I thought back to areas that I had identified earlier that linked into the problem of inconsistent compliance. To recap these were things such as: * Advisors were unsure what they should be asking. * They lacked confidence that they were saying all the right things. * They could often miss important information if interrupted by a customer before the compliance checks were complete. * The solution needed to be simple and easy to implement, so that it was clear and simple to train out. The majority of my advisors already use a checklist of sorts to capture the work they complete and how they contacted the customer, by adding compliance prompts to this it creates a visual aid for the advisors reminding them of what they need to ask and it remains in a setting that they find familiar. Also, because the advisors are able to tick off the various requirements as they go along it makes it very clear what must be asked and it’s less likely that they’ll miss things out if they are interrupted as they can simply go back along the list and pick up where they left off. It’s also likely to come across as more natural when the advisors are talking to them customers as well as again it only prompts them with what they need to ask rather than telling them how to say it. Finally, it’s relatively cheap to implement, it isn’t very time consuming to put in place and it’s something that can be done immediately. A copy of the checklist is attached (Appendix A) Acid test 2 – If I get rid of all my problems will I achieve my objectives? Again, the answer should be yes. My solution will give advisors something black and white, that’s clear and easy to understand and familiar to them in their day to day role. This should in turn give them the added confidence when talking to customer’s on the phone. There is, however, a human element. This is that the solution once trained out and implemented, relies upon the advisor taking some ownership and making sure that use it every day even if they feel confident that they are fully compliant. Because this is a personal choice there is no plan that I can implement that will solve this. However, as a company we do have measures already in place to manage this. If an advisor is proven to have the skills and the knowledge to be fully compliant and yet for whatever reason chooses not to, then I or any other manager would need to ensure that this is managed in the proper fashion. Implementation and communication of the solution As previously stated the advisor already usage a data capture sheet in their day to day jobs. I have taken that and added some simple yet clear checklist boxes that prompt the advisors on what they need to be asking when speaking to customers on the telephone. I will start off with a trial in my operations group and then if the desired results are proven then I will discuss with my manager a plan to roll it out to the whole department. I’ll start by holding a small group meeting with my fellow team managers, briefly describing the problem that I’ve been looking in to. I’ll present my solution and tell them how I would like it to be used. The managers including me can then go out to our own teams and deliver the message in a brief team meeting. The compliance checklist will be distributed via email to the managers and advisors alike. This way the advisors can choose to print it off and fill it in manually or they can simply fill in in on their PC’S. This also means that they will always be able to access a copy even if they have to move desks as it will be saved to their email. Following this, I would plan to follow up with some side by side observations. This would be to ensure that the advisors are using the checklist as intended and it also gives me the chance to answer any questions that they may have as well as offer advice and praise where they are doing things well and hopefully begin to build that confidence in their ability back up. As far as monitoring and reviewing of the situation, this should be quite straight forward. I know what the problem is and I have identified a list of causes. I also know clearly what I expect to achieve from the solution. I perform at least one quality check on each of my advisors each week, so these will prove useful when monitoring progress in this area and the results should be clear to see. These quality checks are always given to the advisors as feedback and trends from multiple quality checks are used to build useful coaching sessions. The feedback that I receive from the advisors at this point should also allow me to monitor if they are using my solution as expected and how confident they feel with it. As a department, we also receive daily, weekly and monthly reports. These will enable me to view the progress of the other teams in my operations group to see if they are showing the results that are expected. I will raise the matter for discussion in the weekly operations group meeting and this will allow me to receive feedback from my fellow managers and get their thoughts on what is and potentially isn’t going well. Finally, the QA Team will perform another quality check across a random sample of the department. This will perhaps be the ultimate mark of whether or not my solution has been successful. If so, then there should be a significant increase in the percentage of advisors that pass compliance.

Comparison Between Democratic And Autocratic Nursing Essay

Comparison Between Democratic And Autocratic Nursing Essay Its being a long time I have been working in New Zealand. After working within groups and under influence of different leader I learnt many things about Leadership, before working experience I got basic knowledge from books and lecturers about leadership. From experience I gained from working under and working as leader I can mark myself as Democratic Leader. My style of leading is Democratic, the survey I conducted on internet helped me to figure out me and make me sure about the Leadership style I Inherited within myself. According to this survey this style suits my character and is helpful in my career. Sometime its also important to be Autocratic leaders because sometime some situation occurs where u have to take lead and enforce authority to achieve your goal. In my career I also faced some situation where it became necessary for me to use my authority and enforce it on my team members to achieve the target. Democratic The Democratic leadership is an ideal style of running a team successfully. Democratic leader are most efficient leaders. They know how to achieve the goal with support of their team. This style proves very vital role in dynamic and rapidly changing environment. These leaders knows importance of each and every member of their team, they take advice and suggestion from their team while making decision. (Sanajy) Autocratic- The leaders with autocratic style are also known authoritarians. These leaders took control on decision making; they dont take advice from their team members. Autocratic leaders are concerned about their targets and they dont care about the interest of their colleagues or their team members. They rarely accept advice from their team members. (Leader) According to my point of view Democratic style of leadership is most efficient and successful style of leadership in a restaurant. I have experienced that this style is also used by my seniors as they know that this style gain them respect, colleagues trust and also to achieve the target. Couple of time I faced situation in which my manager autocratically deals with the situation and it was necessary at that time. I can say that both of these two styles are efficiently helping the leaders in day to day activity and are also being used by different leaders in New Zealand. I can say that where democratic style helps to achieve target and employees satisfaction, whereas in some situation autocratic leaders prove efficient to achieve the target. After having experience in different workforces I also found some minus points in my leadership especially in term of anger management. I see it as a barrier in way to be a successful leader so I decided to deal with it and solve this problem as soon as possible. I read some anger management books and also saw some videos related to anger management, but I had very good communication skills and the understanding level within my time. My team members share their personal views as well as issues with work with me. I see myself as a good leader in future if I overcome my problems. 1. B Leadership Theory Transactional Theory Democratic theory suggests that Democratic theory is an ideal theory to run a team successfully. The leaders with democratic style are known as most efficient leaders. They took advice of their team members which helps in generating of more ideas and more solutions for the problem. These leaders encourage participation which boosts the confidence of the team and motivate to work more efficiently. Involvement of group members improves mutual understanding and ignores competitiveness between group members. Taking advice and increasing participation of group member result in better result and increase in group effort because some time outcome by group effort is much better then singles effort. (Sanajy) Transformational Theory Transformational Leadership encourages the motivation, morale and performance of followers by using different practices. These include interacting with the followers and other team members. The leaders set example for the followers, encourages them and giving them difficult task and motivates to achieve that. Leaders convey the clear vision of group goals. These leaders energize the team and leads to positive aspects. They are not only concerned about their own task but also approach to other members of their group and ask if there any problem and try to help them. Under transformational theory not only leader but the followers also with leaders make each other advance to a high level of helping and motivating. Transactional Theory The transactional leader promotes the performance of followers both by punishment and rewards. These leaders supervise the work of their followers in order to point out faults and mark their efforts so that the faults can be eliminated and the good work can be promoted. Under transactional leadership leaders supervise the work of their colleagues and keep check so the quality of work should be maintained and the work should be carried out in a specific fashion. The followers should obey the orders and guidelines of the leader and have to carry out what exactly is demanded, otherwise there are punishment if the work is less than satisfactory level. This leadership can be explained as management by expectation. Delegative Theory Under this type of leadership there is least productivity. Under this leadership group members are more demanding to the leader and leaders are less cooperative with team members and leave decision making on other group members. This leadership might prove beneficial in those cases where the group members are highly skilled and knowledgeable. (Leader) Comparison between democratic and Autocratic Transformational Theory Under this theory leaders are more concerned about the team performance rather than day to day activities. The leaders motivate and encourage group members to take team performance ton next level. These leaders are more concerned about team comfort. These leaders motivate and encourage the group members by setting up targets and push them to achieve it. They provide opportunity for their personal growth. Transactional Theory More concerned about maintaining the flow and quality of project. Uses disciplinary power and rewards or punishment system to motivate the member. These leaders make sure everything goes smooth and in direction toward the goal. These leaders motivates the staff by exchanging the rewards, supervising and providing regular feedback Role Model http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/files/images/barack-obama-minnesota.jpg Brack obama is 44th and current president of America, begun as a democratic leader and won trust of enough delegates to be nominee of president. From the beginning of his political culture he leads to a democratic thinking and as President of USA he not even try to bring democracy nationwide but also in thinking of the citizens. Reason why he is successful to achieve his goals is that he knows that running a country is not to easy and is not possible to be controlled by an individual so he always move with his team. He takes advices and suggestions regarding situation this he also mentioned during the press conference after he was re elected as president of America in2012. He said that it was not the success of an individual but victory of a team. His views and they way of working proves him as a democratic leader and this helps him to be a successful leader. He is making his best by putting all his efforts to make country better and move on the path of prosperity. He also encourages the general public to take part in political activities as its important for them. (Democrats) New Zealand leaders JOHN KEY HE is 38th Prime minister of New Zealand, elected on 8th November 2008. From being a foreign exchange office dealer to Prime minister he struggled and also became one of the richest persons in New Zealand. He is the Leader with Democratic leadership style. His point of views, plan and policies are aligned with his own team members. He took several steps and made efforts to stop social destruction like stopping binge drinking. In 2008 he suggested to raise the drinking age limit 18 back to 20 but that attempt was failed due to refusal by the Law Commission. He is also aware about environmental issues he believes that Global warming is a real phenomenon to be worried about and he said that the government will implement some actions and will reduce this global warming by 50% in next fifty years. (John Key) John keys targets Building Brighter Future. Builder Better Public service. Building world class Infrastructure. Building safer New Zealand. Rebuilding Christchurch. Less Debts More jobs. Each of his vision is categorized in small missions as this could lead to his desired future. It has also been seen that to make things go right he is making overseas trips in relation to finding job opportunities for New Zealanders. The screen industry in New Zealand supports over 2700 businesses, over 95 per cent of which are involved in production and post-production work. We need to keep New Zealand front of mind for those individuals who can bring further investment to New Zealand. (john) Phil Goff He is an autocratic leader of NZ. He is a current leader of Labour Party. He was a determined person with great political knowledge through his studies and was a great achiever with an positive attitude. He is self motivates as he believes in himself that he can create a better society for New Zealand. Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand? His idea is that it is not wise for parents to discipline their children through corporal punishments. GST increase will hurt families that are already struggling to make ends meet. (wikipedia) It is also seen that he opposes on John keys decision as he is a person who is social minded too. It seems that he wants incremental changes rather than radical as it affects at current situation. He has a strong belief in himself and does not lose hope. He also went to investigate further on the oil spill issue that arose recently to find answers. This also shows that he has great care for the environment. As an opposing leader it is hard to maintain trust and confidence of the people but somehow the other he is trying his best to cope up with this. Evolution:- Both leaders have opposite styles. John Key is a Democratic leader whereas Phil Goff is a leader with Autocratic Leader. Both leaders are doing well in their own ways and styles. Both have some similarities in their goals and their views. It seems that I have some characteristics of both the leaders and their thoughts inspire me and guide me to improve my leadership tactics. Even my goal is not to be a politics but their leadership qualities guide me to achieve my goal to be a good and successful leader. These two personalities are great models to look at and to take as example and learn how they deal with different situation and learn their ways and strategies to fight with our problems. Benchmarking Tools These are the tools which help to evaluate how efficient is leader and his leadership style. There many leaders everywhere, at home, offices and etc. In same way the student is also a leader when they work in a group one of them is a leader of the group. Following are some tools. Setting Goals- Setting of goal is the primary step to be taken. Its necessary to be goal oriented any task without goal is like a Race without end. If you know your goals and target you what you want to achieve and you can make plans according to that and setting up policies to achieve that target. Influencing- Influencing is vital part of communication. Being a good communicator you should know how to influence others. To make other work for you or to make them work with you, its necessary to influence them and convince them to follow you and for that its necessary to know how to influence others. Planning- planning is the next step after setting up the goals. To achieve target one have to make plans and strategies. Without plan one cant implement any action or cant take any step. If you what you want but you dont know how to get it then you cant reach your target. A sound plan results in achieving of target and completion of target. Conversation- conversation opens the doors of mind which results in more ideas. If there is conversation between the group that helps to create mutual understanding and avoid misunderstandings. Benchmarking criteria This helps to measure the performance by knowing actual and current situation. Analysis Benchmarked Figure Actual (My Own) Deviation self-confidence with high-level 3 2 1 Social responsibilities (awareness) 4 3 1 Positive thoughts 5 3 2 Practical approach 2 2 0 RESULTS 14 10 4 I noticed that I am ambitious wit positive attribute. I have positive thinking and also aware to my social responsibilities, which I have toward my society. I am a good communicator and I know how to influence other with my views. I stay focused on my target and make efficient plan to achieve the target. Reflection- I have a strong vision of helping other and this helps me to make good relation within or outside my workplace. I have mutual understanding with my colleagues, whic helps me to maintain the quality of work and result in maximum output. I always want to be well educated and to be a well civilised person. It was my dream from childhood to do management in studies and also as profession. Currently working in Indian restaurant as front staff I am struggling to achieve my goals and to achieve the target which I want to achieve. I know I can handle whatever the situation is and can overcome from those problems. I just want that if I am following someone as my role model so I want that someday I would be role model for someone. I with my hard work and with my discipline will do well in this country and will make myself and my family proud. I believe that with democratic and autocratic leadership style I will prove myself worthy at my workplace, being democratic will help me to achieve trust and faith of others whereas being autocratic it would help me to deal with some typical situations. Obstacles Computer skills- Now days technology has conquered all the fields, in offices the records are maintain in computers and in restaurants the bills and the orders are also putted through computers. I had problem while dealing with till in restaurants, sometime I got confused about different payment system and some time in Chinese orders Anger management- Its very important to control your anger. When you are working in a team, it became necessary to maintain your anger because at that time we are working with different personalities of different individuals. Sometimes there are situation which create irritation and raise anger but being a good leader or a good employee it became necessary to control the anger. Sometime it happened that I lose my patience during busy days, sometime due to my colleagues mistake or sometime by irritation. Time Management- Main problem I face is lack in time management, sometime I mix two tasks and in result I am not able to give proper time to each task and results in low quality outcome. Rationale- Computer skills- I have to practice more on till handling so that I can easily handle it even on the busy days and that will also help me to work efficiently and achieve my target. Anger management-I should control my anger otherwise that may result in loss of trust and mutual understanding Time management- Its necessary to be punctual and completion of task on time for better results. Time management is vital for good leadership. Measurement Computer skills- To improve my Till handling i increase mu practice time on till and i take advice and instruction from my manager to know how to handle till easily and manage different bills and orders in busy time. I even go and practice on my day offs and that is proving helpful to improve my skill I getting my grip on till. Anger management- To control my anger I am taking help of different articles and books for anger management. This is helping me to control my temper and to avoid the risk of conflicts and loss of mutual understanding between me and my colleagues Time management- I know importance of time. Its well said that Time is Money. I cant let lack of time management to affect my work quality so I am taking advice of my manager and also taking advice from some articles regarding time management so that i can overcome this obstacle between my Targets. Resources- Reading books and articles. Taking advices from Manager Practicing practically as well as theatrically.

Wondrous Strange :: Character Analysis, Kelly Winslow

Life is the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activity, and continual change preceding death. â€Å"It is believed that in life no one can change your happiness but you; therefore, you have the power to change anything about yourself or your life that you want to change† (Barbra de Angelis). The Internal struggles that the main character, Kelley Winslow, faces in this novel is man vs. herself. This strongly affects the character as well as drives the plot because the character struggles with her decisions, physical/mental battles as well as trying to find her identity. Throughout this novel, Kelley has been trying to find her identity and who she really is. Some people may say that a person has not found themselves; however, you do not find yourself. You create yourself. During the process of creating yourself, you have to know what you fear, and what you cannot live without. Kelley learns what she is afraid of, and who she does not want to lose. â€Å"†¦fear of losing him, sorrow of what he has already risked for her† (Livingston 274). In the novel Kelley finds out that she is adopted. â€Å"Emma†¦ Was I†¦ adopted (Livingston 222). In continuation to this, Kelley learns from her aunt, Emma, that she is adopted. She also leans more about where she came from, who her birth parents are, and about faerie history. This proves that Kelley wants to know more about her heritage, which leads to herself creating her identity. In order to create herself, Kelley needs to know more about her heritage. She also learns what she likes, and does not like and what she wants to do with her life. â€Å"Kelley was speechless. She dreamed of this†¦ This is it. This is my big break! (Livingston 5), â€Å"Kelley was a Faerie princess. In defiance of the Faerie king, she had taken up her destiny on her terms" (Livingston 316-317). This shows that she accepts herself, in addition to gaining her goals. Kelley Winslow goes went through a huge development, and journey in finding herself, even through the many obstacles she faces. Decision is a mental process you conduct to result in a making of a selection of a choice. Kelley Winslow had made various decisions throughout her life, which had made an impact on her characteristics.

Asahi Glass

TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary3 Recognizing Opportunities4 Company Structure 5 Issues Facing Asahi Glass5 Questions to Answer6 Conclusion6 Recommendations6 Executive Summary Asahi Glass Company was founded in the early 1900’s to relieve Japan’s dependence on foreign imports. It was the first successful endeavor into the flat glass industry. The company was able to continue to succeed through mergers, acquisitions, and organic growth. The company’s core businesses are: 1. Glass and related products, 2. Chemical products, 3. Ceramics and refractory products, 4. Electronic products, and 5. All other miscellaneous products The synergies that were created by combining management’s expertise with the company’s knowledge, resources, and technologies have contributed to the success of Asahi Glass Company throughout the years. The organizational structure of Asahi Glass’ domestic productions are effective for their business’. There is a top down management system, with each division having its own managers and balance sheet. However, globalization efforts have been depleting company resources in past years. Management has yet to be able to perfect their foreign operating organization. The company is unable to establish mutual trusting relationship with several overseas joint ventures. ? Asahi Glass Company was founded in 1907, by Toshiya Iwasaki, a nephew of one of the founders of the Mitsubishi business group. Iwasaki wanted to ease Japan’s dependence on imports, by establishing a flat glass industry. It took three years after production started in 1909 to make a profit, but the endeavor was well worth it; Asahi Glass Company established themselves as the dominate player in the market and has remained that way ever since. Throughout Asahi Glass’ existence, their decisions and objectives have been focused on growth. They achieve this by exploring new technologies and growing organically, as well as acquiring companies, and merging with others. Their management style is also a key factor to their success. Recognizing Opportunities During the First World War, Asahi Glass was having trouble importing the soda ash they needed for manufacturing, so they started producing it themselves. This led the company into the exploitation of the raw-materials scope economies. They soon developed technological expertise in ceramics and alkali chemicals, which became two of the three core business â€Å"pillars. † After World War II, management made a sensible strategic decision to license a new float glass process from the Pilkington Brothers in order to maintain their market position. In the 1960s, Asahi Glass took advantage of growing TV and auto industries, and moved into them, becoming a domestic leader in both industries. Soon after, they progressed into producing construction materials. When the chemical industry took off in Japan, Asahi Glass merged in with their alkalis, halogen, and other petrochemical additives. They were market leaders in every industry they infiltrated. Asahi Glass created new, unique markets and took the lead in many specialty markets. In the 1970s, the current president, Takeo Sakabe, took the initiative to introduce a fourth â€Å"pillar† to the company’s core businesses: electronics. He chose electronics because management had some expertise in it and the industry had room for growth. Asahi Glass began penetrating the global market in 1956, when they built a plant in India. Then, the company entered into joint ventures in Thailand and Indonesia in 1964 and 1972 respectively. Not long after establishing their presence in those markets for glass, Asahi Glass’ chemical business followed into the areas. Once the company began to expand, they accelerated their efforts through the 1990s. Company Structure Asahi Glass had â€Å"a matrix style organization structure. † Each of the six general divisions and the five individual divisions had their own managers and kept their own balance sheet. Asahi Glass had an International General Division, which communicated with domestic product divisions, and monitored the subsidiaries and affiliates who were abroad, as well as help formulate business plans. The company tried to localize their oversea activities, and let them manage day-to-day operations and only held executive meetings about once every four months. Issues Facing Asahi Glass In 1993, Asahi Glass’s domestic glass business was declining due to the Japanese economy. The answer for the company was to continue globalization efforts. However, the company’s quick response and accelerated efforts caused the company to lose focus of their traditional international practices. The company’s domestic operational structure was not the same as their international operating structure. Because many of the international were joint ventures, and still relatively fresh, the two companies still lacked trust and coordination. Asahi Glass was still realizing that moving into foreign markets took more integration and stronger efforts than operating domestically. Questions to Answer In 1993, president Seya was faced with a decision for the electronics department. He was analyzing a report of long term strategy for the business, and the position of its major products. The report offered proposals ranging from intense divesting, to rigorous investing. Mr. Seya needed to decide if investing the capital needed to ascertain a dominant position in the electronics business was worth the risk. His decision would be the foundation of the business’ strategic direction and he felt that direction should be aligned with Asahi Glass’ other divisions, and their overall objectives for the years to come. Conclusion Asahi Glass Company has always been an aggressive, dominant company. They exhort their knowledge, expertise, and technology in order to gain a leading position in whatever industry or market they endeavor. In the latest years, it seems that the company is trying to spread themselves too thin by globalizing. Until Asahi Glass finds a better way to organize and operate their foreign affairs, they should focus on domestic mergers, acquisitions, and internal growth. Recommendations I believe that Asahi Glass has had an excellent history of creating successful synergies that have propelled the company to success. From its beginnings in the early 1900s, the company’s management has recognized opportunities to expand their core businesses and grow organically. As their core businesses expanded, so did the company’s knowledge, experience, and technology. As these assets have interacted over the years, they have combined to make synergies that allowed the company to expand into new markets, products, and industries. Asahi Glass has an excellent foundation in the way of management as well as financial prosperity. I recommend that Asahi Glass invest in the establishment of the electronic business as a dominant position. Looking at the electronics business’ history shows that the division is among the top three in relative market position already, despite that they have a low share in the market (exhibit 10). They are also already well established, having joint ventures with at least five companies, three of which are in the top six market positions (exhibit 10). The electronic division contributed 5. 6% to sales in 1992; compared to ceramics contribution of 2. 4% (exhibit 6).

Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated

Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and diagnosis of phobic disorders. ( 8+16) A phobia Is an irrational fear which Interferes with daily life. For a phobia to be diagnosed It must meet the criterion set by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Reliability and validity are two Important factors when considering classification of mental disorders; they must be present for an accurate classification to be made. Rellablllty and valldlty are linked because a diagnosis that Is not reliable Is not valid.Rellablllty refers to the consistency, such as questionnaires or scales to assess how fearful a person Is about something. Reliability of questionnaires or scales can be measured In terms of whether the test items are consistent, which Is called test-retest reliability. Another way of assessing reliability is whether two independent assessors give similar scores, which is called interrater reliability. Test re-test refers to how consistent results are when the specific interview/questionnaire is repeated.Brown et al (2001) conducted study which involved interviewing 1400 patients twice, the second interview occurred within 2 weeks of the first one. The interviews were based on criteria for various disorders in DSM -IV. Brown found that reliability in inter-rater agreement was excellent for specific phobia, social phobia and panic disorder wit agoraphobia. Reliability could have been higher for the various phobias than for other mental disorders because all phobias are associated with clear behavioural symptoms (avoidance of feared stimulus) which makes them easy to diagnose.This suggests hat diagnosis of phobic disorders according to the DSM is reliable however largely because phobic disorders are easy to diagnose . Brown et al also examined factors associated with disagreement between 2 interviewers. He found that inter-rater unreliability was caused by interviewers disagreeing whether the fear was causin g sufficient distress/interference to a person's life to warrant a phobia diagnosis. It was also caused by patient's reports of symptoms changing between interviews which could have been genuine.Another cause of difference between the two interviewers as that they made errors, as the same symptoms were presented to interviewers however different diagnosis given however this could be because they missed Important information. Skyre et al (1991) also found high Inter-rater reliability, 3 cllnlclans assessed 54 patients using SCID-I. He found +72 Inter-rater agreement which shows that phobia diagnosis Is reliable. Diagnosis of phobic disorders ld also reliable as Hiller et al (1990) found satisfactory – excellent diagnostic agreement In a test- retest study using MDC.Valldlty Is the extent to which a classification system easures what It claims to measure. We can assess the valldlty associated with phobic disorders by looking at content valldlty. Content validity means how much the diagnostic system addresses all of the symptoms In a given disorder. Seml structured interviews have high content validity because they were made to the classification system is vaild is to look at criterion validity. This looks into if individual receiving a diagnosis e. g. social phobia are any different to the people who have not been given the diagnosis in predictable way .

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins

Book Review of The Harlem Renaissance by Antonio Raglans 4/25/2010 In the book entitled â€Å"Harlem Renaissance† by Nathan Irvin Huggins a story is told about the time period before World War I and the following years in which a â€Å"Black Metropolis† was created unlike the world had ever seen. It was the largest and by far the most important black community in the world. It brought together black intellectuals from all over the world to this new â€Å"Black Mecca† with dreams of prosperity and change. Their common goal was the prosperity of the New Negro as Lain Locke called them.This New Negro was one that was cultured, educated, artistic, and would bring prosperity to the African-American. All these were the promises of the Harlem Renaissance. I think that his thesis was in the opening sentence when he talks about Harlem. When people saw Harlem, they saw opportunity, they saw a place where they could escape and enjoy artistic freedom. They saw liberation, th ey saw hope, they saw a place where confidence was in abundance. That confidence translated to the belief that reform could be attained. Sadly, Nathan Irvin Huggins points out that all they were was deceived by their ream.They all saw in Harlem much more than what was really there. A common belief was that they could use their talents as a way of bridging the gap between the races. Unfortunately racism has been so deep rooted in the white American psyche that it would take more than the New Negro proving he had artistic talent to be accepted as one and the same. Huggins also cites that their art was compromised by the fact that it was intended for white patrons and was not a full reflection of them. Another mistake they made was not organizing a grass roots movement.The black lattice leaders failed to become a unified voting force and were unable to obtain true political power needed to bring about change. Huggins writes about how the motivation of many talented Afro-Americans reloc ation to Harlem was simple; they wanted to be where their talents would reach the most people. They wanted to be in a place where their talents could be cultivated. They saw inspiration in their people and they wanted to be where their talents would be appreciated. They came to find themselves through their race in Harlem. Upon their arrival in Harlem, Huggins points out that many artists like Longboats Hughes, ZornNeal Hurst, and Claude McKay found new friends who were willing to lend a helping hand in their careers. The fact that all of these new helping hands were all white may have influenced the artistic integrity of their work. Huggins wrote â€Å"Without the help and friendship of white men and publishers, there probably would have been little production of commercial black art in the sass. But white guidance and encouragement probably prevented those few men and women of real talent from wrestling with their senses and plodding through to those statements which the Hurst of their lives and experience could force them to make† (129).Huggins goes on to mention that Black artist found it difficult if not impossible to maintain their artistic integrity because they were dependent on their white patron. They had no force or leverage in publishing houses other than the demand of their white patrons. If they were to create something to critical they would run the risk of losing the white patrons as well as the white benefactors. Huggins backs his observation with the story of the Park Avenue Matron that at one time supported Zorn Neal Hurst, Louise Thompson, and Longboats Hughes. She at one time or another supported them financially as well as helping them get published.Huggins mentions how she spared no expense on Hughes. She provided financial freedom for him to write as well as a driver to take him anywhere he wanted. Hughes felt a genuine appreciation for her because like many other Afro- Americans like him he never had anybody that cared so much f or him and for his talent. The fact that it was a white woman nurturing his talent led to some clashes and the eventual dissolution of their relationship. Huggins writes of the time Hughes rote a poem with a very radical message that his benefactor did not like, which lead him to question where this relationship would take his work.Huggins wrote â€Å"When Hughes showed his patron this poem, He knew she did not like it. â€Å"Its not you †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Let's a powerful poem but its not you† Who was he? Wasn't that the problem? Who was to decide? Who was to know? † (135). This quote proves that these white benefactors gave their opinion and influenced black artist's works. One of the early contributors of white interest in black intellectuals was a man by the name of Carl Van Bechtel. He counted numerous black artists as his friends. He was responsible for popularizing â€Å"Black Art. † He through his connections allowed people like Longboats Hughes to e nter the white mainstream.He also cultivated and encouraged numerous other young artists and similarly launched numerous careers. It was his fascination with the exotic and primitive as Huggins put it that sparked his slumming trips uptown into Harlem. That incredible rush he felt allowed him to bring many prominent white patrons back to Harlem. His popularization began the golden era called the Harlem Renaissance. Huggins called him â€Å"The undisputed Prince of Harlem. † Huggins also mentions that the fact that there were so many different types of Afro- Americans in Harlem it prevented the unification of a desired voting block.Huggins points out that there was in-race racism between light skinned blacks, blacks from the south, and blacks from the Caribbean with relates to much of the racism issues discussed throughout our class. They all were supposed to unite and together fight for reform. All this made consistent leadership impossible. The black political leaders found it impossible to unite them all. The only one who was successful according to Huggins was Marcus Graver because he stayed away from political agendas. He preached escape and managed to capture the imagination of the black people in Harlem.But his lack of a business sense and his own megalomania caused his attempts to flounder. None of them addressed the Negro problems but instead they wanted to quickly erase the view of a black person in chains and make everyone aware that they were more than Just manual laborers. This lack of focus prevented Negro leadership from obtaining true success. As I mentioned that black wanted to obtain true success and be viewed as different workers besides manual, I feel that it connects with our conferences about African-Americans wanting to do more for their country during the World Wars.Another problem Huggins presents with the black political leaders philosophy was that they addressed racism as a moral problem. They employed muckraking journalist tac tics of exposing injustices and racism. Huggins states â€Å"The assumption was that the moral weight of good would win once evil was exposed. The unreason, the illogic the craven corruption that barred blacks from a fair chance in society could not stand, for men of good will under the harsh light of good reason† (27). This propaganda proved to be unsuccessful since it brought no significant change.As Huggins finally put it â€Å"What good would it do to expose President Willow's racism? Even if he read it he had a self-righteousness that was a match for any other progressive. All of that did not matter† (30). Both of these quotes prove Huggins point that the way black political leaders approached their reform attempts were misguided. As he put it, it did not matter the scathing criticism leaders like W. E. B. Dubos made in their editorials on black injustices it would not bring about any serious change. Unlike child labor and other topics of muckraking exposing them would not be enough to eradicate them.Huggins effectively proved to me that these white benefactors and white patrons influenced the work of black artist. Who knows what tone their works would have taken if they where liberated from white influences. Maybe they would have been razor sharp criticism like W. E. B. Dubos editorials. Unfortunately no one would ever know. As far as their failed attempt at reform he showed some of the mistakes they add but also mentioned that they laid the foundation for a civil rights movement that eventually brought about social change that these Harlem intellectuals promised.In a book review from Amazon. Com a reviewer mention that: â€Å"More than any other period, it was during the Harlem renaissance in which the black community came of age culturally and came together as one united front against racism using cultural tools and its intellectual power and substance on par with its white counterparts. Against all odds, they created a cultural oasis ri ght in the diddle of a sea of white hatred and racial recrimination.This flowering was something that was not only unexpected and shocking to the sensibilities of most whites, but shocking also to many blacks outside of New York, around the countryside. And although the flowering occurred across the board, its clearest expression took place in literature, art and music, which itself later was to become America's transformation art form. † Another scholarly source that I found from ASTOR by Robber Solar of _ The Journal of American History_ found that Huggins book was â€Å"disarmingly simple and exceedingly ample. Solar went on explaining that the Harlem Renaissance was a Negro self- creation, and it was created in a place(Harlem) of sense and had become an urban â€Å"Mecca† where diversity, talent and energy would change the black persona. One last review that I found on ASTOR from Charles Davis of _American Literature_ stated that Huggins book was not the first full study assessment of black artists and of their intellectual and cultural efforts in the decade following the first World War. Of course Huggins can not provide a full assessment during that time period which could confuse readers if you look at it from that point of view.I think that the first two reviews are in line with what I have been discussing through the whole review. During that era, African-Americans were struggling for freedom in the middle of a land full of hatred and racism. African-Americans wanted more freedom and it expressing it in various of categories such as art or music really helped freedom for blacks in today's society. The Authors sources are documented correctly. Book Review Huggins, Irvin, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance: Oxford University Press, New York, 1971